Ta thấy 
72
=
2
3
.
3
2
72=2 
3
 .3 
2
  nên a, b có dạng 
{
�
=
2
�
3
�
�
=
2
�
.
3
�
{ 
a=2 
x
 3 
y
 
b=2 
z
 .3 
t
 
​
  với 
�
,
�
,
�
,
�
∈
N
x,y,z,t∈N và 
�
�
�
{
�
,
�
}
=
3
;
�
�
�
{
�
,
�
}
=
2
max{x,z}=3;max{y,t}=2. 

 Theo đề bài, ta có 
2
�
.
3
�
+
2
�
.
3
�
=
42
2 
x
 .3 
y
 +2 
z
 .3 
t
 =42

 
⇔
2
�
−
1
.
3
�
−
1
+
2
�
−
1
3
�
−
1
=
7
⇔2 
x−1
 .3 
y−1
 +2 
z−1
 3 
t−1
 =7   (*), do đó 
�
,
�
,
�
,
�
≥
1
x,y,z,t≥1

 TH1: 
�
≥
�
,
�
≤
�
x≥z,y≤t. Khi đó 
�
=
3
,
�
=
2
x=3,t=2. (*) thành:

 
4.
3
�
−
1
+
3.
2
�
−
1
=
7
4.3 
y−1
 +3.2 
z−1
 =7 
⇔
�
=
�
=
1
⇔y=z=1

 Vậy 
{
�
=
24
�
=
18
{ 
a=24
b=18
​
  (nhận)

 TH2: KMTQ thì giả sử 
�
≥
�
,
�
≥
�
x≥z,y≥t. Khi đó 
�
=
3
,
�
=
2
x=3,z=2. (*) thành 

 
4.
3
�
−
1
+
2.
3
�
−
1
=
7
4.3 
y−1
 +2.3 
t−1
 =7, điều này là vô lí.

 Vậy 
(
�
,
�
)
=
(
24
,
18
)
(a,b)=(24,18) hay 
(
18
,
24
)
(18,24) là cặp số duy nhất thỏa yêu cầu bài toán.

\(T\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+\sqrt{xy}+\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+y+z+x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z}{2}\ge\dfrac{2019}{2}\)

áp dụng BĐT:\(\dfrac{a^2}{x}+\dfrac{b^2}{y}+\dfrac{c^2}{z}\) với a,b,c,x,y,z là số dương

ta có BĐT Bunhiacopxki cho 3 bộ số:\(\left(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{x}};\sqrt{x}\right);\left(\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{y}};\sqrt{y}\right);\left(\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{z}};\sqrt{z}\right)\)

ta có :

\(\dfrac{a^2}{x}+\dfrac{b^2}{y}+\dfrac{c^2}{z}\left(x+y+z\right)\)\(=\left[\left(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{x}}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{y}}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{z}}\right)^2\right]\).\(\left[\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{y}\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{z}\right)^2\right]\)\(\ge\left(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{x}}.\sqrt{x}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{y}}.\sqrt{y}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{z}}.\sqrt{z}\right)^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)

lúc đó ta có :\(\dfrac{a^2}{x}+\dfrac{b^2}{y}+\dfrac{c^2}{z}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{x+y+z}\)

ta có \(T=\dfrac{x^2}{x+\sqrt{yz}}+\dfrac{y^2}{y+\sqrt{zx}}+\dfrac{z^2}{z+\sqrt{xy}}\)\(\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{x+\sqrt{yz}+y+\sqrt{zx}+z+\sqrt{xy}}\) mà ta có :

\(\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}+\sqrt{xy}\)\(\le\dfrac{x+y}{2}+\dfrac{x+z}{2}+\dfrac{z+y}{2}\)\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{yz}+\sqrt{zx}+\sqrt{xy}\le x+y+z\)

\(\Rightarrow T=\dfrac{2019}{2}\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=673\)

vậy \(\text{MinT}=\dfrac{2019}{2}\) khi và chỉ khi x=y=z=673

\(P=\dfrac{1}{y}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)\ge\dfrac{1}{y}.\dfrac{4}{x+z}=\dfrac{4}{y\left(x+z\right)}\ge\dfrac{4}{\dfrac{\left(y+x+z\right)^2}{4}}=4\)

\(P_{min}=4\) khi \(\left(x;y;z\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{2};1;\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)

\(x,y,z>0\)

Áp dụng BĐT Caushy cho 3 số ta có:

\(x^3+y^3+z^3\ge3\sqrt[3]{x^3y^3z^3}=3xyz\ge3.1=3\)

\(P=\dfrac{x^3-1}{x^2+y+z}+\dfrac{y^3-1}{x+y^2+z}+\dfrac{z^3-1}{x+y+z^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(x^3-1\right)^2}{\left(x^2+y+z\right)\left(x^3-1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(y^3-1\right)^2}{\left(x+y^2+z\right)\left(y^3-1\right)}+\dfrac{\left(z^3-1\right)^2}{\left(x+y+z^2\right)\left(x^3-1\right)}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Caushy-Schwarz ta có:

\(P\ge\dfrac{\left(x^3+y^3+z^3-3\right)^2}{\left(x^2+y+z\right)\left(x^3-1\right)+\left(x+y^2+z\right)\left(y^3-1\right)+\left(x+y^2+z\right)\left(y^3-1\right)}\)

\(\ge\dfrac{\left(3-3\right)^2}{\left(x^2+y+z\right)\left(x^3-1\right)+\left(x+y^2+z\right)\left(y^3-1\right)+\left(x+y^2+z\right)\left(y^3-1\right)}=0\)

\(P=0\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=1\)

Vậy \(P_{min}=0\)